Advanced Methods and Equipment (WSE/HELWD/11/e)

All WSE

General knowledge about drip and sprinkler irrigation systems as well as GIS and remote sensing.

• Determine the requirements for water table and salinity control in irrigated areas; Understand the factors that influence the functioning of a drainage system; Design a subsurface drainage system;
• Design surface and overhead pressure irrigation systems and understand the need for drainage in irrigated areas;
• Explain the use of modern tools as RS and GIS in combination with the use of computer models;
• Predict effects of different water qualities on agricultural crops, and stock farming and human health;
• Determine the effects and related water management and land use zoning that are involved when living in flood prone areas;
• Discuss the interactions between land use, water management and flood control in flood prone areas

Sprinkler and Drip, Felix Reinders (ARC, South Africa)
Introduction: historical background, modern irrigation, definition, decision variables.
Sprinkle irrigation:  The sprinkler: classification of types; hydraulics, theoretical and empirical equations, water patterns; The lateral: distribution, length, diameter, spacing between the sprinklers, uniformity;  The set: decision variables, uniformity and coefficients, winds, efficiency, automation, fertigation, control;  Design procedures and considerations, analysis of factors affecting uniformity, optimal design of networks using Linear Programming.  Planning: data, objectives, constraints, and optimisation. Economic evaluation.
Drip irrigation: The emitter: types, hydraulics, theoretical and empirical equations; the lateral: hydraulics, length; The set: decision variables, uniformity, automation, control, fertigation.
Sub-surface Drainage, H. P. Ritzema (Alterra-ILRI)
The need for drainage: water ponding, waterlogging and salinisation. Drainage systems: components of a drainage system, surface and subsurface drainage systems. Factors related to drainage: agricultural objectives, environmental aspects, and soil and hydrological conditions. Design considerations: drainage design criteria and layout. Drainage design equations: principles and applications. Introduction, background information, and preparing the layout and design of a subsurface drainage system.
Remote Sensing for Irrigation and Drainage, Z. Vekerdy (ITC)
Introduction to the principles of remote sensing and their applications in the field of irrigation and drainage.
Reuse of Low Water Quality, P. van der Steen (UNESCO-IHE)
Sources of pollution: domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Types of pollution: chemical, mechanical and biological pollution. Parameters used to describe the degree of pollution: Salinity, BOD, COD, Dissolved oxygen, TSS, faecal coli, heavy metals.  Reuse of water: criteria for reuse for agriculture, cattle watering and water supply.  Measures for improvement of water quality: water treatment.
Land Use and Water in Flood Prone Areas, B. Schultz (UNESCO-IHE)
Historical and recent developments of land use and flood prone areas. The importance of land use zoning. Interactions between land use, water management and flood control. Future outlook.

Amir. Hydraulic tables (1991), Sprinkle and trickle irrigation (1991), Technical hydraulic data: sprinklers, mini-sprinklers and drippers (1991), Sprinkle and trickle irrigation – Exercises – participants' version (1992).
Ritzema, 2000. Land drainage.
Ritzema, 1998. Exercise Sub-surface Drainage: Case Study Pan de Azúcar.
Schultz, 2003. Future of Drainage and Flood Control.

• Prof. E. Schultz, PhD, MSc
• Dr. Z. Vekerdy
• N.P. van der Steen, PhD, MSc
• Prof. I. Amir
• Dr Ir H.P. Ritzema